Holi is one of the major festival of India and is the most vibrant of all. The joys of Holi knows no bound. The festival is celebrated across the four corners of India or rather across the globe. The festival is filled with so much fun and frolic that the very mention of the word 'Holi' draws smile and enthusiasm amongst the people. Holi also celebrates the arrival of Spring, a season of joy and hope.
Legend of Holi Festival
Holi is one of the oldest festivals of India. There are many interesting stories associated with the festival's origin as one moves across the different states from North to South and East to West. Paintings and scriptures depict the roots of the festival. Mythology plays a very important part in narrating the festival of Holi. The most popular stories of Holi origin relates to 'Holika Dahan' and Legend of Radha-Krishan.
Story of Holika
Integrally entwined with Holi, is the tradition of 'Holika Dahan', which is actually lighting of bonfires. The ritual is symbolic of victory of good over evil and has its root in the legend of demon king Hiranyakashyap who wished to end his blessed son, Prahlad's life with the help of his sister, Holika who burnt in the fir and no harm occurred to Prahlad. Since then the day is celebrated in victory of good over bad.
Story of Radha and Krishan
The legend of Radha and Krishna is closely linked with this tradition of colors on Holi. Young Krishna, who had a dark complexion was jealous of his beloved Radha's extremely fair skin. In a mischievous mood, he applied color on Radha's face. Following this ancient legend, lovers till date long to color their beloved as an expression of love.
Holi Celebrations in India
Holi is famous as Basant Utsav in rural India. It is one of the major festivals in India and is celebrated with extreme enthusiasm and joy. Gulal, abeer and pichkaris are synonymous with the festival. Elaborate plans are made to color the loved ones. Everybody wants to be the first one to color the other. In the ensuing battle of colors, everybody is drowned not just in colors of gulal but also in love and mirth. People love to drench others and themselves in colored water. Gujiyas and other sweets are offered to everyone who comes across to color.
Temples are beautifully decorated at the time of Holi. Idol of Radha is placed on swings and devotees turn the swings singing devotional Holi songs. Now-a-days small plays are organized reflecting the spirit of the festival.
What is remarkably same across the country is the spirit of Holi. Fun, frolic, boisterousness to the extent of buffoonery marks this festival of colors. What more can be expected- when the people get a social sanction to get intoxicated on the bhang, open not just their hearts' out but also their lungs. And viola, nobody is expected to take offense too, as the norm of the day is, 'Bura na mano Holi hai'.
Holi in Andhra Pradesh
Though the celebrations of Holi in South India are not as grand as compared to that in North India. Yet, what is particularly noticeable in Andhra Pradesh as in other Dravidian states is the heightened feeling of communal harmony. Here too, people participate in merry making. Besides, in the evening, youngsters play with dry colours and seek elders' blessings by putting gulal and abeer on the feet of the elders.
The Banjara tribes of Andhra Pradesh celebrate Holi in their own way. Graceful dances are performed by the colourful Banjara gypsies.
Holi in Bengal
There is a particular elan in the way Holi is celebrated in the state of West Bengal. Panache is added by the presence of the rich Bengal culture and the existence of Shantiniketan.
Basant Utsav
The high point of this state is the celebration of 'Basant Utsav'. The tradition was reintroduced by poet and Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore at Shantiniketan, the University he founded. 'Basant Utsav' means 'Spring Festival', here boys and girls joyfully welcome Spring, the season of Hope not just with colours but with songs, dance, chanting of hymns in the serene ambiance of Shantiniketan.
Dol Purnima
On the Dol Purnima day in the early morning, the students dress up in saffron-coloured clothes and wear garlands of fragrant flowers. They sing and dance to the accompaniment of musical instruments presenting an enchanting view to the onlookers and a memory to cherish for years.
In Bengal, Holi is known by the name of 'Dol Jatra', 'Dol Purnima' or the 'Swing Festival'. The festival is celebrated in a dignified manner by placing the idols of Krishna and Radha on a picturesquely decorated palanquin which is then taken round the main streets of the city. The devotees take turns to swing them while women dance around the swing and sing devotional songs. All this while men keep spraying coloured water and colour powder, 'abeer' at them.
The head of the family, observes fast and prays to Lord Krishna and Agnidev. After all the traditional rituals are over, he smears Krishna's idol with gulal and offers "bhog" to both Krishna and Agnidev.
Holi in Bihar
Holi is celebrated with the same fervour and charm in Bihar as in rest of north India. Here too, the legend of Holika is prevalent. On the eve of Phalgun Poornima, people light bonfires. They put dung cakes, wood of Araad or Redi tree and Holika tree, grains from the fresh harvest and unwanted wood leaves in the bonfire. Following the tradition people also clean their houses for the day.
At the time of Holika people assemble near the fire. The eldest member or a purohit initiates the lighting. He then smears others with colour as a mark of greeting. Next day the festival is celebrated with colours and lot of frolic.
Children and the youth take extreme delight in the festival. Though the festival is usually played with colours at some places people also enjoy playing holi with mud. Folk songs are sung at high pitch and people dance to the tune of dholak and the spirit of Holi.
Intoxicating bhang is consumed with a variety of mouth watering delicacies such as pakoras and thandai to enhance the mood of the festival.
Holi in Delhi
Delhi being the capital and the heart of India, celebrates Holi with extreme enthusiasm.
Being a metro city, an amalgamation of cultures and traditions can be witnessed here. Virtually all aspects of Holi as seen in various states are noticeable in the numerous pockets of Delhi.
People move out in tolis and apply colour on each other till they become unrecognizable. Play with colors peaks up in the residential colonies as people usually do not go out with families beyond their neighborhood. Even public conveyances do no ply with usual frequency.
Feasts, music, dancing and blasting parties are held all over the city to mark the festival of colours. People hug and greet each other by applying abeer as tilak. Any feeling of hardship or animosity is forgotten on the day. Is is said that even the enemies become friend on Holi.
On the eve of Holi, bonfires or Holika are lit in the important centres of the city where people celebrate the victory of good over evil. Wood for burning Holika is collected weeks before the festival.
Being a political hub of the country, Delhi sees huge enthusiasm even among the politicians. Holi is also celebrated at the Presidents and Prime Minister residences where people gather to play Holi. Cultural events and lots of fun mark the day.
Holi in Goa
The energetic people of Goa do not lag behind the rest of the country when it comes to Holi celebrations. The festival of spring is called Shigmo in Goa. The festival is celebrated mostly by the masses following all religious traditions. As expected from the Goans, the festival is accompanied with fanfare. Performance on drumbeats and epic enactment of mythology are religiously followed. Vivid and vibrant colours of gulal and neel are abundantly used. Shigmotav is highlighted with performances of troupes in the form of parades and cultural dramas. At dusk, huge effigies are taken in processions and prizes given away.
The Panaji Shigmotsav Samiti also organizes a parade in Panaji. Besides, numerous temple around Goa also make special arrangements for Holi celebrations. Of interest is the celebrations at Panaji, Mapusa, Vasco Da Gama and Margao.
Holi in Uttar Pradesh
Celebrations in UP are not just restricted to Mathura and Vrindavan. Rather, every nook and corner of the state gets wrapped in the multitude hues of the Holi. In this rather, conservative state Holi gives license to the youth to mingle freely and give colourful expressions to their feelings for each other.
Not to be missed are the mouthwatering delicacies the state has for the festival. Gujiaya, mathri, dahi badas are a must besides many others festival goodies.
Holika Dahan
The major ritual of Holi in this state, is the lighting of bonfires, better known as Holika on Chhoti Holi on a day prior to the main Holi. The tradition signifies the victory of good over evil and finds its root in the various legends associated with the festival. Mainly, the story of demon king Hiranyakashyap. The King planned the death of his son, Prahlad an ardent devotee of Lord Naraayana with the help of his sister Holika. Prahlad was saved by the grace of God while Holika was consumed by fire.
Bhang
Description of Holi is incomplete without the mention of Bhang (cannabis).Holi has become synonymous with it for many. The tradition of eating bhang -- an intoxicating substance is rampant in northern India. It is usually consumed in the form of laddoo or as thandai. Consumption of bhang adds greatly to the revelry as people get high on it.
The land of Shiva, Banaras (or Varanasi as it is now known), is specially famous for its high level of bhang consumption. Sitting on the 'ghats' or steps leading to the Ganga river, people drenched in colours can be seen grinding bhang and mixing it with milk and various dry fruits to enhance the taste.
Celebration of Barley Harvest
The festival is also the celebration of barley harvest. On Chhoti Holi, people come together to light the fire. They bury a pot of new barley seeds under the pyre for roasting. These seeds are eaten after the fire is extinguished. Divinations for the coming harvest are cast by interpreting the direction of the flames or by the state of the seeds in the buried pot. People sometimes take embers from the fire to their homes to rekindle their own domestic fires. The ashes from the Holi fire are also believed to provide protection against diseases.
Sunday, February 28, 2010
Saturday, February 27, 2010
Holi- Festival of Colors
Holi, also called the Festival of Colours, is a popular Hindu spring festival observed in India, Nepal, Srilanka, and countries with large Hindu diaspora populations, such as Suriname, Guyana, South Africa, Trinidad, UK, USA, Mauritius, and Fiji. In West Bengal of India and Bangladesh it is known as Dolyatra (Doul Jatra) or Basanta-Utsav ("spring festival"). The most celebrated Holi is that of the Braj region, in locations connected to the god Krishna: Mathura, Vrindavan, Nandagaon, and Barsana. These places have become tourist destinations during the festive season of Holi, which lasts here to up to sixteen days.
The main day, Holi, also known as Dhulheti, Dhulandi or Dhulendi, is celebrated by people throwing colored powder and colored water at each other. Bonfires are lit the day before, also known as Holika Dahan (burning of Holika) or Chhoti Holi (little Holi). The bonfires are lit in memory of the miraculous escape that young Prahlad accomplished when Demoness Holika, sister of Hiranyakashipu, carried him into the fire. Holika was burnt but Prahlad, a staunch devotee of god Vishnu, escaped without any injuries due to his unshakable devotion. Holika Dahan is referred to as Kama Dahanam in Andhra Pradesh.
Holi is celebrated at the end of the winter season on the last full moon day of the lunar month Phalguna (February/March), (Phalgun Purnima), which usually falls in the later part of February or March. In 2009, Holi (Dhulandi) was on March 11 and Holika Dahan was on March 10.
Rangapanchami occurs a few days later on a Panchami (fifth day of the full moon), marking the end of festivities involving colors.
Significance
In Vaishnava Theology, Hiranyakashipu is the king of demons, and he had been granted a boon by Brahma, which made it almost impossible for him to be killed. The boon was due to his long penance, after which he had demanded that he not be killed "during day or night; inside the home or outside, not on earth or on sky; neither by a man nor an animal; neither by astra nor by shastra". Consequently, he grew arrogant, and attacked the Heavens and the Earth. He demanded that people stop worshipping gods and start praying to him.
Despite this, Hiranyakashipu's own son, (Prahlada), was a devotee of Lord Vishnu. In spite of several threats from Hiranyakashipu, Prahlada continued offering prayers to Lord Vishnu. He was poisoned but the poison turned to nectar in his mouth. He was ordered to be trampled by elephants yet remained unharmed. He was put in a room with hungry, poisonous snakes and survived. All of Hiranyakashipu's attempts to kill his son failed. Finally, he ordered young Prahlada to sit on a pyre on the lap of his sister, Holika, who could not die by fire by virtue of a shawl which would prevent fire affecting the person wearing it. Prahlada readily accepted his father's orders, and prayed to Vishnu to keep him safe. When the fire started, everyone watched in amazement as the shawl flew from Holika, who then was burnt to death, while Prahlada survived unharmed, after the shawl moved to cover him. The burning of Holika is celebrated as Holi.
Later Lord Vishnu came in the form of a Narasimha (who is half-man and half-lion) and killed Hiranyakashipu at dusk (which was neither day nor night), on the steps of the porch of his house (which was neither inside the house nor outside) by restraining him on his lap (which is neither in the sky nor on the earth) and mauling him with his claws (which are neither astra nor shastra).
In Vrindavan and Mathura, where Lord Krishna grew up, the festival is celebrated for 16 days (until Rangpanchmi in commemoration of the divine love of Radha for Krishna). Lord Krishna is believed to have popularized the festival by playing pranks on the gopis here. Krishna is believed to have complained to his mother about the contrast between his dark skin complexion and Radha's (Shakti or energy that drives the world) fair skin complexion. Krishna's mother decided to apply colour to Radha's face. The celebrations officially usher in spring, the celebrated season of love.
There is alternate story detailing the origin of Holi. This story is about Kamadeva, a god of love. Kama's body was destroyed when he shot his weapon at Shiva in order to disrupt his meditation and help Parvati to marry Shiva. Shiva then opened his third eye, the gaze of which was so powerful that Kama's body was reduced to ashes. For the sake of Kama's wife Rati (passion), Shiva restored him, but only as a mental image, representing the true emotional and spiritual state of love rather than physical lust. The Holi bonfire is believed to be celebrated in commemoration of this event.
Holi is a festival of radiance (Teja) in the universe. During this festival, different waves of radiance traverse the universe, thereby creating various colours that nourish and complement the function of respective elements in the atmosphere.
Rituals of Holi
Earliest textual references regarding celebration of Holi have been found the 7th century Sanskrit drama, Ratnavali. Holi has certainly perennial rituals attached to it, the first is smearing of coloured powder on each other, and throwing water, coloured and scented using pichkaris, shaped like giant syringes or squirt guns. Though the festival really begins many days in advance, with 'Holi Milan' or Baithaks, musical soirees, where song related to the festival, and the epic love story of Radha Krishna are sung; specially type of folk songs, known as “Hori” are sung as well. Some classical ones like Aaj biraj mein Holi re rasiya, have been present in the folklore for many generations.
holi is a famous festivel of hindus.
Holika Dahan: The Holi bonfire
The main emphasis of the festival is on the burning of the holy fire or Holika. The origin of the traditional lighting of Holi is attributed by some to the burning of demonesses like Holika, Holaka and Putana who represent evil, or to the burning of Madan according to others.
Traditionally a bonfire on the day of Holi, marks the symbolic anhilation of a demoness Holika the sister of demon, Hiranyakashipu, in Hindu mythology, while trying to kill, a devotee, Bhakta Prahlad.
This is akin to other festivals where effigies are burned, like Ravana Dahan on Vijayadashami (Dusshera) day, also in many other religions across the world, signifying end of dark or demonic forces, though with Holika Dahan, the effigy has now been all but vanished or present in a symbolic form, except in few areas in the Braja region, where effigies are still seen on street corners and public squares, piled on top of an assemblage wood. This set to fire after ritualistic worship, and people make pradakshina of the bonfire. The next day this victory is celebrated as the day of Dulhendi.
In some practices particularly in the UK, coconuts are thrown into the fire and then pulled out. The burnt husk of the coconut represents Holika who died in the pyre. The white inside represents Prahlad, who was still alive and unaffected by the pyre.
Dulhendi
Principal ingredients of celebration are Abeer and Gulal, in all possible colours. Next comes squirting of coloured water using pichkaris. Coloured water is prepared using Tesu flowers, which are first gathered from the trees, dried in the sun, and then ground up, and later mixed with water to produce orange-yellow coloured water. Another traditional Holi item now rarely seen is a where a red powder enclosed in globes of Lakh, which break instantly and covering the party with the powder.
--
Haider Ajaz
The main day, Holi, also known as Dhulheti, Dhulandi or Dhulendi, is celebrated by people throwing colored powder and colored water at each other. Bonfires are lit the day before, also known as Holika Dahan (burning of Holika) or Chhoti Holi (little Holi). The bonfires are lit in memory of the miraculous escape that young Prahlad accomplished when Demoness Holika, sister of Hiranyakashipu, carried him into the fire. Holika was burnt but Prahlad, a staunch devotee of god Vishnu, escaped without any injuries due to his unshakable devotion. Holika Dahan is referred to as Kama Dahanam in Andhra Pradesh.
Holi is celebrated at the end of the winter season on the last full moon day of the lunar month Phalguna (February/March), (Phalgun Purnima), which usually falls in the later part of February or March. In 2009, Holi (Dhulandi) was on March 11 and Holika Dahan was on March 10.
Rangapanchami occurs a few days later on a Panchami (fifth day of the full moon), marking the end of festivities involving colors.
Significance
In Vaishnava Theology, Hiranyakashipu is the king of demons, and he had been granted a boon by Brahma, which made it almost impossible for him to be killed. The boon was due to his long penance, after which he had demanded that he not be killed "during day or night; inside the home or outside, not on earth or on sky; neither by a man nor an animal; neither by astra nor by shastra". Consequently, he grew arrogant, and attacked the Heavens and the Earth. He demanded that people stop worshipping gods and start praying to him.
Despite this, Hiranyakashipu's own son, (Prahlada), was a devotee of Lord Vishnu. In spite of several threats from Hiranyakashipu, Prahlada continued offering prayers to Lord Vishnu. He was poisoned but the poison turned to nectar in his mouth. He was ordered to be trampled by elephants yet remained unharmed. He was put in a room with hungry, poisonous snakes and survived. All of Hiranyakashipu's attempts to kill his son failed. Finally, he ordered young Prahlada to sit on a pyre on the lap of his sister, Holika, who could not die by fire by virtue of a shawl which would prevent fire affecting the person wearing it. Prahlada readily accepted his father's orders, and prayed to Vishnu to keep him safe. When the fire started, everyone watched in amazement as the shawl flew from Holika, who then was burnt to death, while Prahlada survived unharmed, after the shawl moved to cover him. The burning of Holika is celebrated as Holi.
Later Lord Vishnu came in the form of a Narasimha (who is half-man and half-lion) and killed Hiranyakashipu at dusk (which was neither day nor night), on the steps of the porch of his house (which was neither inside the house nor outside) by restraining him on his lap (which is neither in the sky nor on the earth) and mauling him with his claws (which are neither astra nor shastra).
In Vrindavan and Mathura, where Lord Krishna grew up, the festival is celebrated for 16 days (until Rangpanchmi in commemoration of the divine love of Radha for Krishna). Lord Krishna is believed to have popularized the festival by playing pranks on the gopis here. Krishna is believed to have complained to his mother about the contrast between his dark skin complexion and Radha's (Shakti or energy that drives the world) fair skin complexion. Krishna's mother decided to apply colour to Radha's face. The celebrations officially usher in spring, the celebrated season of love.
There is alternate story detailing the origin of Holi. This story is about Kamadeva, a god of love. Kama's body was destroyed when he shot his weapon at Shiva in order to disrupt his meditation and help Parvati to marry Shiva. Shiva then opened his third eye, the gaze of which was so powerful that Kama's body was reduced to ashes. For the sake of Kama's wife Rati (passion), Shiva restored him, but only as a mental image, representing the true emotional and spiritual state of love rather than physical lust. The Holi bonfire is believed to be celebrated in commemoration of this event.
Holi is a festival of radiance (Teja) in the universe. During this festival, different waves of radiance traverse the universe, thereby creating various colours that nourish and complement the function of respective elements in the atmosphere.
Rituals of Holi
Earliest textual references regarding celebration of Holi have been found the 7th century Sanskrit drama, Ratnavali. Holi has certainly perennial rituals attached to it, the first is smearing of coloured powder on each other, and throwing water, coloured and scented using pichkaris, shaped like giant syringes or squirt guns. Though the festival really begins many days in advance, with 'Holi Milan' or Baithaks, musical soirees, where song related to the festival, and the epic love story of Radha Krishna are sung; specially type of folk songs, known as “Hori” are sung as well. Some classical ones like Aaj biraj mein Holi re rasiya, have been present in the folklore for many generations.
holi is a famous festivel of hindus.
Holika Dahan: The Holi bonfire
The main emphasis of the festival is on the burning of the holy fire or Holika. The origin of the traditional lighting of Holi is attributed by some to the burning of demonesses like Holika, Holaka and Putana who represent evil, or to the burning of Madan according to others.
Traditionally a bonfire on the day of Holi, marks the symbolic anhilation of a demoness Holika the sister of demon, Hiranyakashipu, in Hindu mythology, while trying to kill, a devotee, Bhakta Prahlad.
This is akin to other festivals where effigies are burned, like Ravana Dahan on Vijayadashami (Dusshera) day, also in many other religions across the world, signifying end of dark or demonic forces, though with Holika Dahan, the effigy has now been all but vanished or present in a symbolic form, except in few areas in the Braja region, where effigies are still seen on street corners and public squares, piled on top of an assemblage wood. This set to fire after ritualistic worship, and people make pradakshina of the bonfire. The next day this victory is celebrated as the day of Dulhendi.
In some practices particularly in the UK, coconuts are thrown into the fire and then pulled out. The burnt husk of the coconut represents Holika who died in the pyre. The white inside represents Prahlad, who was still alive and unaffected by the pyre.
Dulhendi
Principal ingredients of celebration are Abeer and Gulal, in all possible colours. Next comes squirting of coloured water using pichkaris. Coloured water is prepared using Tesu flowers, which are first gathered from the trees, dried in the sun, and then ground up, and later mixed with water to produce orange-yellow coloured water. Another traditional Holi item now rarely seen is a where a red powder enclosed in globes of Lakh, which break instantly and covering the party with the powder.
--
Haider Ajaz
Friday, February 26, 2010
Dada Saheb Phalke Award
The Dadasaheb Phalke Award is an annual award given by the Indian government for lifetime contribution to Indian cinema. It was instituted in 1969, the birth centenary year of Dadasaheb Phalke, considered the father of Indian cinema. The award for a particular year is given during the end of the following year along with the National Film Awards.
The Bombay High Court had directed the Directorate of Film Festivals of India (DFFI) to consider uncensored films for the competition, a case which DFFI contested and won in the Supreme Court in late 2006. The case had delayed announcement of the award for 2006, which was announced in the middle of 2008. The 2007 award which had to be announced at the end of 2008 was announced in September 2009.
Renowned playback singer Manna Dey has been nominated for the prestigious Dada Saheb Phalke award for the year 2007.
First Awardee was Devika Rani (1969).
| Recipient | Contribution AS | Year | |
| Manna Dey | Singer | 2007 | |
| Tapan Sinha | Director | 2006 | |
| Shyam Benegal | Director | 2005 | |
| Adoor Gopalakrishnan | Director | 2004 | |
| Mrinal Sen | Director | 2003 | |
| Dev Anand | Actor, Director, Producer | 2002 | |
| Yash Chopra | Director, Producer | 2001 | |
| Asha Bhosle | Singer | 2000 | |
| Hrishikesh Mukherjee | Director | 1999 | |
| B.R. Chopra | Director, Producer | 1998 | |
| Pradeep | Lyricist, Poet | 1997 | |
| Sivaji Ganesan | Actor | 1996 | |
| Dr. Raj Kumar | Actor, Singer, Producer | 1995 | |
| Dilip Kumar | Actor | 1994 | |
| Majrooh Sultanpuri | Lyricist | 1993 | |
| Bhupen Hazarika | Composer, Singer, Producer | 1992 | |
| Bhalji Pendharkar | Producer, Director | 1991 | |
| A. Nageshwar Rao | Actor | 1990 | |
| Lata Mangeshkar | Singer, Producer | 1989 | |
| Ashok Kumar | Actor, Singer | 1988 | |
| Raj Kapoor | Actor, Director | 1987 | |
| B. Nagi Reddi | Producer | 1986 | |
| V.Shantaram | Director, producer, actor | 1985 | |
| Satyajit Ray | Director, Producer | 1984 | |
| Durga Khote | Actress | 1983 | |
| L.V. Prasad | Actor, Director, Producer | 1982 | |
| Naushad | Composer | 1981 | |
| Jairaj | Actor, Director, Producer | 1980 | |
| Sohrab Modi | Actor, Director, Producer | 1979 | |
| R.C. Boral | Composer | 1978 | |
| Nitin Bose | Cinematographer, Director, Producer | 1977 | |
| Kanan Devi | Actress, Singer, Producer | 1976 | |
| Dhiren Ganguly | Actor, Director, Producer | 1975 | |
| B.N. Reddi | Director, Producer | 1974 | |
| Sulochana | Actress | 1973 | |
| Pankaj Mallick | Singer, Actor, Composer | 1972 | |
| Prithviarj Kapoor | Actor, Director, Producer | 1971 | |
| B.N. Sircar | Producer | 1970 | |
| Devika Rani | Actress | 1969 |
Haider Ajaz
Trophies Associated with Various Sports & Games
| TROPHIES ASSOCIATED WITH VARIOUS SPORTS & GAMES |
| Air Racing |
| Jawaharlal Challenge Trophy, King's Cup, World Cup. |
| Archery |
| Federation Cup |
| Athletics |
| Charminar Trophy, Federation Cup, World Cup. |
| Badminton |
| Agarwal Cup, Amrit Diwan Cup, Asia Cup, Austrelasia Cup, Chadha Cup, European Cup, Harilela Cup, Ibrahim Rahimatollah Challenge Cup, Konica Cup, Narng cup, Sophia Kitiakara Cup, Konica Cup, S. R. Ruia Cup, Thomas Cup, Tunku Abdul Rahman Cup, Uber Cup, World Cup, Yonex Cup. |
| Basketball |
| Basalat Jha Trophy, B. C. Gupta Trophy, Federation Cup, S. M. Arjuna Raja trophy, Todd Memorial Trophy, William Jones Cup. |
| Billiards |
| Arthur Walker Trophy, Thomas Cup. |
| Boat Rowing |
| American Cup (Yacht racing), Wellington Trophy (India). |
| Boxing |
| Aspy Adjahia Trophy, federation Cup, Val iBaker Trophy. |
| Bridge |
| Basalat Jha Trophy, Holkar Trophy, Ruia Gold Cup, Singhania Trophy. |
| Chess |
| Naidu Trophy, Khaitan Trophy, Limca Trophy, Linares City Trophy, World Cup. |
| Cricket |
| Anthony D'Mellow Trophy, Ashes, Asia Cup, Benson and Hedges Cup, Bose Trophy, Champions Trophy, Charminar Challenge Cup, C. K. Nayudu Trophy, Cooch-Behar Trophy, Deodhar Trophy, Duleep Trophy, Gavaskar-Border Trophy, Duleep Trophy, Gavaskar-Border Trophy, G. D. Birla Trophy, Gillette Cup, Ghulam Ahmad Trophy, hakumat Rai Trophy, ICC World Cup, Interface Cup, Irani Trophy, Jawaharlal Nehru Cup, Lombard World Challenge Cup, McDowells Challenge Cup, Merchant Trophy, Moin-ud-Dowla Cup, NatWest Trophy, Prudential Cup (World Cup), Rani Jhansi Trophy, Ranji Trophy, Rohinton Baria Trophy, Rothmans Cup, Sahara Cup, Sharjah Cup, Sheesh Mahal Trophy, Sheffield Shield, Singer Cup, Sir Frank Worrel Trophy, Texaco Cup, Titan Cup, Vijay Hazare Trophy, Vijay Merchant Trophy, Vizzy Trophy, Wisden Trophy, Wills Trophy, World Series Cup. |
| Football |
| African Natons Cup, Airlines Cup, america Cup, Asia Cup, Asian Women's Cup, Bandodkar Trophy, B. C. Roy Trophy, Begum Hazrat Mahal Cup, Bicentennial Gold Cup, BILT Cup, Bordoloi Trophy, Colombo Cup, Confederations Cup, DCM Cup, Durand Cup, European Cup, FA Cup, Federation Cup, G. V. Raja Memorial Trophy, gold Cup, Governor's Cup, Greek Cup, Great Wall Cup, IFA Shield, Independence Day Cup, Indira Gandhi Trophy, Inter-Continental Cup, Jawaharlal Nehru Gold Cup, Jules Rimet Trophy, Kalinga Cup, Kings Cup, Kirin Cup, Lal Bahadur Shastri Trophy, McDowell Cup, Merdeka Cup, Nagjee Trophy, Naidunia Trophy, Nations Cup, NFL Trophy, Nehru Gold Cup, Nizam Gold Cup, Raghbir Singh Memorial Cup, Rajiv Gandhi Trophy, Rovers Cup, Sanjay Gold Cup, Santosh Trophy, Scissors Cup, Sir Ashutohs Mukherjee Trophy, Stafford Cup, Subroto Cup, Supercup Trophy, Todd Memorial Trophy, UEFA Cup, US Cup, Vittal Trophy, Winner's Cup, World Cup. |
| Golf |
| Canada Cup, Eisenhower Trophy, Inter-Continental Cup, Maekyung LG Fashion Open Trophy, Muthiah Gold Cup, Nomura Trophy, Paralamdi Trophy, President's Trophy, Prince of Wales Cup, Ryder Cup, Solheim Cup, Topolino Trophy, Walker Cup, Waterford Crystal Trophy, World Cup. |
| Hockey |
| Agha Khan Cup, Allwyn Asia Cup, Azlan Shah Cup, Beighton Cup, Bhim Sain Trophy, BMW Trophy, Bombay Gold Cup, Champions Trophy, Clarke Trophy, Dhyan Chand Trophy, Esanda Champions Cup, European Nations Cup, Gurmeet Trophy, Guru Nanak Cup, Gyanvati Devi Trophy, Indira Gandhi Gold Cup, Intercontinental Cup, Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan Cup, Kuppuswamy Naidu Cup, Lady Rattan Tata Cup (women), Lal Bahadur Shastri Cup, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Gold Cup, Modi Gold Cup, Murugappa Gold Cup, Nehru Trophy, Obaidullah Gold Cup, Prime Minister's Gold cup, Rangaswami Cup, Ranjit Singh Gold Cup, Rene Frank Trophy, Sanjay Gandhi Trophy, Scindia gold Cup, Shriram Trophy, Tunku Abdul Razak Cup, Wellington Cup, World Cup, Yadavindra Cup. |
| Horse Racing |
| Beresford Cup, Blue Riband, Derby, Grand Natonal Cup. |
| Kabaddi |
| Federation Cup |
| Kho-Kho |
| Federation Cup |
| Netball |
| Anantrao Pawar Trophy. |
| Polo |
| Ezar Cup, Gold Cup, King's Cup, President Cup, Prithi Singh Cup, Radha Mohan Cup, Winchester Cup. |
| Rowing |
| Beefeather's Gin. |
| Rugby Football |
| Bledisloe Cup; Calcutta Cup, Webb Ellis Trophy. |
| Shootng |
| North Wales Cup, Welsh Grand Prix. |
| Snooker |
| Team Tournament Asean Cup. |
| Table Tennis |
| Asian Cup, Berna Bellack Cup, Corbillion Cup (women), Electra Gold Cup, Gasper-Giest Prize, Grand Prix, Jayalaxmi Cup (women), Kamala Ramanunjan Cup, Marcel Corbillon Cup, Pithapuram Cup (men), Swaythling Cup (men), Travancore Cup (women), U Thant Cup, World Cup. |
| Tennis |
| Ambre Solaire Cup, A T&T Cup, Champions Cup, ATP President's Cup, Davis Cup, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Cup, Edgbaston Cup, Evert Cup, Federation Cup, Ghafar Cup, Grand Prix, Grand Slam Cup, Nations' Cup, Watson's Water Trophy, Wightman Cup, Wimbledon Trophy, World Cup, World Team Cup. |
| Volleyball |
| Centennial Cup, Federation Cup, Indira Pradhan Trophy, Shivanthi Gold Cup, World Cup, World League Cup. |
| Weightlifting |
| World Cup. |
| Wrestling |
| Bharat Kesari, Burdwan Shield, World Cup. |
| Yachting |
| America Cup |
Haider Ajaz
Classical, Folk and Tribal Dances in India
Classical, Folk and Tribal Dances in India
| Classical Dance of India | |
| Dance | State |
| Bharat Natyam | Tamil Nadu |
| Bihu | Assam |
| Bhangra | Punjab |
| Chhau | Bihar, Orissa, W. Bengal and Jharkhand |
| Garhwali | Uttaranchal |
| Garba | Gujarat |
| Hattari | Karnataka |
| Kathak | North India |
| Kathakali | Kerala |
| Kutchipudi | Andhra Pradesh |
| Khantumm | Mizoram |
| Karma | Madhya Pradesh |
| Laho | Meghalaya |
| Mohiniattam | Kerala |
| Mando | Goa |
| Manipuri | Manipur |
| Nati | Himachal Pradesh |
| Nat-Natin | Bihar |
| Odissi | Orissa |
| Rauf | Jammu & Kashmir |
| Yakshagan | Karnataka |
| Folk and Tribal Dances | |
| States | Dances |
| Maharashtra | Kathakeertan, Lezin, Dandaniya, Tamasha, Gafa, Dahikala, Lovani, Mauni, Dasavtar. |
| Karnataka | Huttari, Suggi Kunitha, Yakashagana |
| Kerala | Kaikottikali, Kaliyattam, Tappatikkali |
| Tamil Nadu | Kolattam, Pinnal Kolattam, Kummi, Kavadi, Karagam |
| Andhra Pradesh | Ghanta Mardala, Veedhi Natakam, Burrakatha |
| Orissa | Ghumara Sanchar, Chadya Dandanata, Chhau |
| West Bengal | Kathi, Chhau, Baul, Kirtan, Jatra, Lama |
| Assam | Bihu, Khel Gopal, Rash Lila, Tabal Chongli, Canoe |
| Punjab | Giddha (women), Bhangra (men) |
| J & K | Rauf, Hikat |
| Himachal Pradesh | Jhora, Jhali, Dangli, Mahasu, Jadda, Jhainta, Chharhi |
| Haryana | Jhumar, Ras Leela, Phag dance, Daph, Dhamal, Loor, Gugga, Khoria, Gagor |
| Gujarat | Garba, Dandiya Rass, Tippani, Gomph |
| Rajasthan | Ginad, Chakri, Gangore, Terahtaal, Khayal, Jhulan Leela, Jhuma, Suisini |
| Bihar | Jata Jatin, Jadur, Chhau, Kathaputli, Bakho, Jhijhiya, Samochakwa, Karma, Jatra, Natna |
| Uttar Pradesh | Nautanki, Thora, Chappeli, Raslila, Kajri. |
| Famous Dancer | |
| Bharatnatyam | Bala Saraswati, C. V. Chandrasekhar, Leela Samson, Mrinalini Sarabhai, Padma Subramanyam, Rukmini Devi, Sanyukta Panigrahi, Sonal Mansingh, Yamini Krishnamurti |
| Kathak | Bharti Gupta, Birju Maharaj, Damayanti Joshi, Durga Das, Gopi Krishna, Kumudini Lakhia, Sambhu Maharaj, Sitara Devi |
| Kuchipudi | Josyula Seetharamaiah, Vempathi Chinna Sthyam |
| Manipuri | Guru Bipin Sinha, Jhaveri Sisters, Nayana Jhaveri, Nirmala Mehta, Savita Mehta Debaprasad Das, Dhirendra nath Pattnaik, Indrani Rahman, Kelucharan Mahapatra, Priyambaba Mohanty, Sonal Mansingh |
| Instrumentalists | |
| Sarod | Ali Akbar Khan, Allaudin Khan, Amjad Ali Khan, Buddhadev Dasgupta, Bahadur Khan, Sharan Rani, Zarin S. Sharma |
| Tabla | Alla Rakha Khan, Kishan Maharaj, Nikhil Ghosh, Zakir Hussain |
| Violin | Baluswamy Dikshitar, Gajanan Rao Joshi, Lalgudi G. Jayaraman, M. S. Gopala krishnan, Mysore T. Chowdiah, T. N. Krishnan |
| Shehnal | Bismillah Khan |
| Sitar | Nikhil Banerjee, Ravi Shankar, Vilayat Khan, Hara Shankar Bhattacharya |
| Flute | Hari Prasad Chaurasia, Pannalal Ghose, T. R. Mahalingam |
| Veena | K. R. Kumaraswamy lyer, Doraiswami lyengar |
| Vocalists | |
| Hindustani | Shubha Mudgal, Bheemsen Joshi, Madhup Mudgal, Mukul Shivputra, Pandit Jasraj, Parveen Sultana, Naina Devi, Girija Devi, Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan, Gangubai Hangal, Krishna Hangal, V. Rajput, Kumar Gandharva, Faiyyaz Khan, Mallikarjun Mansur. |
| Carnatic | M. S. Subbalakshmi, Balamuralikrishna, Bombay Jaishree, H. K. Raghavendra, H. K. Venkataram, Sitarajam, Mani Krishnaswamy, Akhil Krishnan, M. L. Vasanthakumari, M. D. Ramanathan, G. N. Balasubramaniam |
| Thumri | Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Ustad Mazhar Ali Khan, Ustad Zawad Ali Khan, Rita Ganguli, Poornima Chaudhary, Shanti Heerananda, Naina Devi |
| Quwwali | Ghulam Hasan Niyazi, Sultan Niyazi, Ghulam Farid Nizami, Chand Nizami, IqbalHussain Khan Bandanawaji, Aslam Sabari |
| Dhrupad | Ustad Rahim Fahimuddin Dagar, Zahiruddin Dagar, Waslfuddin Dagar, Bundecha Bandhu, Uday Bhawalkar, Pt. Abhay Narayan Mallick, Pt. Ritwik Sanyal |
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Haider Ajaz
Nobel Prize Winner
| |||||||||||||||||||||
Nobel Prize Winner - 2009 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Winner's Name | Field | Country | Work | ||||||||||||||||||
| Elizabeth Blackburn Carol Greider Jack Szostak | Medicine | USA | For the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase. | ||||||||||||||||||
| Charles K. Kao Willard S. Boyle George E. Smith | Physics | USA | For groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication. And the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor. | ||||||||||||||||||
| V. Ramakrishnan Thomas A. Steitz Ada E. Yonath | Chemistry | UK USA Israel | For studies of the structure and function of the ribosome | ||||||||||||||||||
| Barack Obama | Peace | USA | For his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples | ||||||||||||||||||
| Herta Müller | Literature | Germany | For the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed | ||||||||||||||||||
| Elinor Ostrom Oliver E. Williamson | Economics | USA | For her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons. For his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm | ||||||||||||||||||
Nobel Prize Winner - 2008 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Winner's Name | Field | Country | Work | ||||||||||||||||||
| Martti A | Peace | Finland | Who has worked to end conflicts in troubled spots around the world for more than three decades | ||||||||||||||||||
| Paul Krugman | Economics | USA | For his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity. | ||||||||||||||||||
| Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio | Literature | France | Whose work reflects a seemingly insatiable restlessness and sense of wonder about other places and other cultures | ||||||||||||||||||
| Harald zur Hausen Francoise Barre-Sinoussi Luc Montagnier | Medicine | Germany France France | His discovery led to the development of two vaccines against cervical cancer, the second most common cancer among women. The viral discovery has also led to an understanding of the natural history of H.I.V. infection in people, which ultimately leads to AIDS and death unless treated. | ||||||||||||||||||
| Yoichiro Nambu Makoto Kobayashi Toshihide Maskawa | Physics | USA Japan Japan | For their work exploring the hidden symmetries among elementary particles that are the deepest constituents of nature. | ||||||||||||||||||
| Osamu Shimomura Martin Chalfie Roger Y. Tsien | Chemistry | Japan USA USA | For taking the ability of some jellyfish to glow green and transforming it into a ubiquitous tool of molecular biology to watch the dance of living cells and the proteins within them. | ||||||||||||||||||
Nobel Prize Winner - 2007 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Winner's Name | Field | Country | Work | ||||||||||||||||||
| Al Gore R. K. Pachuri | Peace | USA India | for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change. | ||||||||||||||||||
| Leonid Hurwicz Eric S. Maskin Roger B. Myerson | Economics | USA | For their work in mechanism design theory, a branch of economics that looks at the design of institutions in situations where markets do not work properly. | ||||||||||||||||||
| Doris Lessing | Literature | UK | Whose deeply autobiographical writing has swept across continents and reflects her engagement with the social and political issues of her time | ||||||||||||||||||
| Mario R. Capecchi Oliver Smithies Martin J. Evans | Medicine | USA USA UK | For developing the immensely powerful "knockout" technology that allows scientists to create animal models of human disease in mice. | ||||||||||||||||||
| Albert Fert Peter Grünberg | Physics | France Germany | They have discovered how to manipulate the magnetic and electrical properties of thin layers of atoms to store vast amounts of data on tiny disks, making iPods and other wonders of modern life possible | ||||||||||||||||||
| Gerhard Ertl | Chemistry | Germany | Whose studies of chemical reactions on solid surfaces have affected agriculture, manufacturing and environmental science | ||||||||||||||||||
Nobel Prize Winner - 2006 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Winner's Name | Field | Country | Work | ||||||||||||||||||
| Muhammad Yunus | Peace | Bangladesh | For pioneering work in giving tiny loans to millions of poor people no commercial bank would touch — destitute widows and abandoned wives, landless laborers and rickshaw drivers, sweepers and beggars. | ||||||||||||||||||
| Edmund S. Phelps | Economics | USA | For his contribution to a sophisticated explanation of how wages, unemployment and inflation interact with one another. | ||||||||||||||||||
| Orhan Pamuk | Literature | Turkey | Whose exquisitely constructed, wistful prose explores the agonized dance between Muslims and the West and between past and present | ||||||||||||||||||
| Andrew Z. Fire Craig C. Mello | Medicine | USA | A far-reaching discovery about how genes are controlled within living cells | ||||||||||||||||||
| John C. Mather George F. Smoot | Physics | USA | To uncovered evidence on the origin of the universe and how it grew into galaxies | ||||||||||||||||||
| Roger D. Kornberg | Chemistry | USA | For showing how genes convey their messages in cells to copy functions like making proteins. | ||||||||||||||||||
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Haider Ajaz
Parliament of Other Countries
| Parliament of Other Countries | ||
| Country | Parliament | |
| Afghanistan | Shora | |
| Australia | Parliament | |
| Bangladesh | Jatia Parliament | |
| Bhutan | Tasongadu | |
| Canada | Parliament | |
| China | National People Congress | |
| Denmark | Folketing | |
| Egypt | People's Assembly | |
| France | National Assembly | |
| Germany | Bundestag | |
| Great Britain | Parliament | |
| India | Parliament (Sansad) | |
| Iran | Majlis | |
| Ireland | Dail Eireann | |
| Israel | Knesset | |
| Japan | Diet | |
| Malaysia | Majlis | |
| Maldive | Majlis | |
| Magnolia | Khural | |
| Nepal | Rasthtriya Panchayat | |
| Netherlands | States General | |
| Norway | Storting | |
| Pakistan | National Assembly | |
| Poland | Scym | |
| Spain | Crotes | |
| Sweden | Riksdag | |
| South Africa | Parliament | |
| Switzerland | Federal Assembly | |
| Russia | Duma | |
| Taiwan | Yuan | |
| Turkey | Grand National Assembly | |
| U.S.A. | Congress | |
Haider Ajaz
Different Branches of Science
| DIFFERENT BRANCHES OF SCIENCE | |
| Branch | Concerning field |
| Aeronautics | Science of fligt of airplanes. |
| Astronomy | Study of heavenly bodies. |
| Agronomy | Science dealing with crop plant. |
| Angiology | Deals with the study of blood vascular system. |
| Anthology | Study of flower. |
| Anthropology | Study of apes and man. |
| Apiculture | Honey industries (Bee Keeping). |
| Araneology | Study of spiders. |
| Batracology | Study of frogs. |
| Biochemistry | Deals with the study of chemical reactions in relation to life activities. |
| Biotechnology | Deals with the use of micro-organisms in commercial processes for producing fine chemicals such as drugs; vaccines; hormones,etc. on a large scale. |
| Cardiology | Study of heart. |
| Craniology | Study of skulls. |
| Cryptography | Study of secret writing. |
| Cryogenics | Study concerning with the application and uses of very low temperature. |
| Cytology | Study of cells. |
| Dermatology | Study of skin. |
| Ecology | The study of relationship between organisms and enviornment. |
| Entomology | Study of insects. |
| Etiology | Study of cause of insects. |
| Eugenics | Study of improvment of human race by applying laws of heredity. it is related with future generations. |
| Evolution | Deals with the study of origin of new from old. |
| Exbiology | Deals with life or possibilities of life beyond the earth. |
| Floriculture | Study of flower yeilding plants. |
| Geology | Study of condition and structure of the earth |
| Genetics | Study of heredity and variations. |
| Gerontology | study of growing old. |
| Gynaecology | Study of female reproductive organs. |
| Horticulture | Study of garden cultivation. |
| Haematology | Study of blood. |
| Hepatology | Study of liver. |
| Iconography | Teachings by pictures and models. |
| Immunology | Science which deals with the study of resistance of organisms against infection. |
| Jurisprudence | Science of law. |
| Kalology | Study of human beauty. |
| Lexicography | Compiling of dictionary. |
| Mycology | Study of fungi. |
| Myology | Study of muscles. |
| Nephrology | Study of kidneys. |
| Neurology | study of nervous system. |
| Numismatics | Study of coins and medals. |
| Obstetrics | Branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy. |
| Oneirology | Study of dreams. |
| Ophthalmology | Study of eyes . |
| Omithology | Study of birds. |
| Osteology | Study of bones. |
| Palaeontology | Study of fossils. |
| Philately | Stamp collecting. |
| Philology | Study of languages. |
| Phonetics | Concerning the sounds of a language. |
| Physiography | Natural phenomenon. |
| Pedology | Stydy of soils. |
| Pathology | Study of disease causing organisms. |
| phycology | Study of algae. |
| Physiology | Science dealing with the study of functions of various parts of organisms. |
| Pisciculture | Study of fish. |
| Pomology | Study of fruits. |
| Seismology | Study of earthquakes. |
| Sericulture | Silk industry(culture of silk moth and pupa). |
| Serpentology | Study of snakes. |
| Telepathy | Communication between two minds at a distance with the help of emotions, thoughts and feelings. |
| Taxonomy | Study of classification of organisms. |
| Virology | Study of virus. |
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Haider Ajaz
COMMONWEALTH GAMES
After Olympics, Commonwealth Games is the second largest sports festival in the world. The Games are held once in four years but only in between the Olympic years. The Games were originally known as the British Empire Games. The first Commonwealth Games were held in 1930 at Hamilton, Canada. The 10th Commonwealth Games were held at Christchurch, New Zealand in 1974, the 11th in Edmonton (Canada) in 1978, the 12th in Brisbane (Australia) in 1982, the 13th in Edinburgh (Scotland) in 1986, the 14th in Auckland (New Zealand) in 1990 and the 15th in Victoria (Canada) in 1994, where about 3,350 athletes from a record 64 nations (including South Africa, which joined the family of Commonwealth athletes after 36 years) participated. Namibia also, which gained its independence in 1990, made its debut while Hong Kong made its final appearance in the Games before being ceded to China in 1997.
| S. No | Venue | Year | No of Countries |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hamilton, Canada | 1930 | 11 |
| 2 | London, United Kingdom | 1934 | 16 |
| 3 | Sydney, Australia | 1938 | 15 |
| 4 | Auckland, New Zealand | 1950 | 12 |
| 5 | Vancouver, Canada | 1954 | 24 |
| 6 | Cardiff, United Kingdom | 1958 | 35 |
| 7 | Perth, Australia | 1962 | 35 |
| 8 | Jamaica, West Indies | 1966 | 34 |
| 9 | Edinburgh, United Kingdom | 1970 | 42 |
| 10 | Christchurch, New Zealand | 1974 | 38 |
| 11 | Edmonton, Canada | 1978 | 48 |
| 12 | Brisbane, Australia | 1982 | 47 |
| 13 | Edinburgh, United Kingdom | 1986 | 26 |
| 14 | Auckland, New Zealand | 1990 | 55 |
| 15 | Victoria, Canada | 1994 | 64 |
| 16 | Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia | 1998 | 70 |
| 17 | Manchchester, United Kingdom | 2002 | 72 |
| 18 | Melbourne, Australia | 2006 | |
| 19 | New Delhi, India | 2010 |
ASIAN GAMES
India played a leading role to organise sports festival for Asian countries on Olympic lines. 'Ever Onward' is the motto of the Asian Games and 'a bright full rising sun with interlocking rings' is its emblem. The first Asian Games were held at New Delhi in 1951 followed by Manila, Philippines (1954); Tokyo, Japan (1958); Jakarta, Indonesia (1962); Bangkok, Thailand (1966, 1970, 1978 & 1998); Teheran, Iran (1974); New Delhi, India (1982); Seoul, South Korea (1986); Beijing, China (1990); Hiroshima, Japan (1994); Bangkok, Thailand (1998); Busan, South Korea (2002); Doha, Qatar (2006). The next editions of the Games is scheduled to be held in and Guangzhou, China (2010).
SAP GAMES
The South Asian Federation Games (SAP Games) is a sport festival of South Asian countries. The South Asian Sports Federation comprising India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives was formed in New Delhi in November, 1982. The first SAP Games were held in Kathmandu in 1984 followed by Dhaka (1985), Kolkata (1987), Islamabad (1989), Colombo (1991), Dhaka (1993) and Chennai (1995). The Eighth SAF Games (September 25-Octobcr 4, 1999) were held in Kathmandu. Three new events—badminton, rowing and karate were introduced for the first time in the 9th SAP Games.
New Name For SAF Games: The SAP Games have been rechristencd as South Asian Games, according to a decision taken by the South Asian Sports Federation at its 32nd meeting held in Islamabad (Pakistan) on April 2, 2004.
Haider Ajaz
Thursday, February 25, 2010
Self-Motivation
Self-motivation is the only motivation that truly works. Here are some ways to motivate yourself to achieve your optimum potential.
1. Be optimistic:- If negativity and fear are knocking you off balance, it is time to re-group and re-focus your energies. A winning mindset thrives in a positive environment. It is time to uplift, encourage, and inspire yourself. When others talk about challenges, you must talk about opportunities. When others talk about why they can't succeed, you must give them every reason why they can. Doing this will re-enforce your own belief in yourself. Most often the difference between success and failure is only that of beliefs. Change your self-negating beliefs and be optimistic about life.
2. Be humble and hungry:- Be humble in what you seek to learn in order to grow and improve every day. Don't let your ego come in the way. At the same time be hungry with a passion to work harder than you have ever done before. It is not the time to be laid back; now is the time to put in your best effort.
3. Welcome uncertainty:- In these uncertain times, you can't be sure about anything. Don't let this fact discourage you. Instead think of the best outcome for yourself; come what may! Don't worry about the state of economy and resultant job opportunities; just follow your passion with a firm determination to succeed. Faith and belief in a positive future will make you take timely positive actions.
4. Cultivate a positive vision:- Develop a positive vision for the road ahead. Don't let disappointments bother you. Be clear about where you have been, where you are headed and why you are headed there. Vision gives you something meaningful and valuable to strive towards. Your dream has the power to change the world for you. Always think that your best days are ahead of you, and carry on with a missionary zeal.
5. Be a hero not a victim:- Both heroes and victims face life's challenges; both get knocked down from time to time; the difference is that heroes carry on striving while victims give up easily. Heroes learn from their mistakes while victims blame the entire world for their down fall. You have a significant control over the things in your life; do not blame your circumstances for all your ills. Learn to take responsibility of your successes and failures. Remember, your life is a story, and the story you tell yourself and the role you play in it determines the quality and direction of your life. You can overcome any adversity by telling yourself a positive story. Make your life an inspirational tale, instead of a melodramatic drama or a horror film. Instead of becoming a victim, become a hero.
Haider Ajaz
Cricket ODI Records Celebrating Sachin's 200 Runs
Sachin Tendulkar's Records (as on Feb 24, 2010)
Highest ODI Runs: 17598
Highest Individual Score: 200*
Highest 100s: 46
Highest 50s: 93
Highest partnership: 338 (with Rahul Dravid)
ODI Records (as on Feb 24, 2010):
1. Highest individual score
| Rank | Runs | Player | Match | Venue | Season |
| 1 | 200* | India Sachin Tendulkar | India v South Africa | Gwalior | 2010 |
| 2 | 194* | Zimbabwe Charles Coventry | Zimbabwe v Bangladesh | Bulawayo | 2009 |
| 3 | 194 | Pakistan Saeed Anwar | Pakistan v India | Chennai | 1997 |
| 4 | 189* | West Indies Cricket Board Vivian Richards | West Indies v England | Manchester | 1984 |
2. Highest innings Totals (>400 Runs)
| Rank | Score | Teams | Venue | Season |
| 1 | 443-9 (50 overs) | Sri Lanka v Netherlands | Amstelveen | 2006 |
| 2 | 438-9 (49.5 overs) | South Africa v Australia | Johannesburg | 2005-06 |
| 3 | 434-4 (50 overs) | Australia v South Africa | Johannesburg | 2005-06 |
| 4 | 418-5 (50 overs) | South Africa v Zimbabwe | Potchefstroom | 2005 |
| 5 | 414-7 (50 overs) | India v Sri Lanka | Rajkot | 2009 |
| 6 | 413-5 (50 overs) | India v Bermuda | Port of Spain | 2007 |
| 7 | 411-8 (50 overs) | Sri Lanka v India | Rajkot | 2009 |
| 8 | 402-2 (50 overs) | New Zealand v Ireland | Aberdeen | 2008 |
| 9 | 401-3 (50 overs) | India v South Africa | Gwalior | 2010 |
3. Lowest innings totals
| Rank | Score | Teams | Venue | Season |
| 1 | 35 (18 overs) | Zimbabwe v Sri Lanka | Zimbabwe | 2004 |
| 2 | 36 (18.4 overs) | Canada v Sri Lanka | Sri Lanka | 1975 |
| 3 | 38 (15.4 overs) | Zimbabwe v Sri Lanka | Sri Lanka | 2001 |
| 4 | 43 (19.5 overs) | Pakistan v West Indies | Australia | 1993 |
| 5 | 44 (24.5 overs) | Zimbabwe v Bangladesh | Bangladesh | 2009 |
4.Most Centuries in ODIs
| Rank | Centuries | Innings | Player | Period |
| 1 | 46 | 431 | Sachin Tendulkar | from 1989 to - |
| 2 | 29 | 340 | Ricky Ponting | from 1995 to - |
| 3 | 28 | 444 | Sanath Jayasuriya | from 1989 to - |
| 4 | 22 | 311 | Sourav Ganguly | from 1992 to 2008 |
| 5 | 21 | 246 | Herschelle Gibbs | from 1996 to - |
5. Highest partnerships
| Rank | Runs | Players | Opposition | Venue | Season |
| 1 | 338 (2nd wicket) | Sachin Tendulkar & Rahul Dravid | v New Zealand | Hyderabad | 1999 |
| 2 | 318 (2nd wicket) | Rahul Dravid & Sourav Ganguly | v Sri Lanka | Tonton | 1999 |
| 3 | 274 (1st wicket) | James Marshall & Brendon McCullum | v India | Aberdeen | 2008 |
Haider Ajaz
White Collar Crimes are Wide Spread in Society
White collar crimes are wide spread in society
White-collar crime and its consequences are recognized from centuries which categorize number of crimes. Mostly business and government professionals are involved in series of frauds termed as white-collar crime because these are lucrative, comparatively risk-free, and nearly socially up to standard. Due to high occurrence of these crimes, security officials plan modern technique to fight back through prevention, investigation, and prosecution. When the term white-collar crime is conversed, people are encouraged to think decisively about the nature of crime, law, and criminal justice. In the criminal justice system, the focal point of the investigative efforts on the crimes of the poor. If it is viewed from same legal eye of the state, the crimes of the powerful are hidden. White-collar crime is defined as "those illegal acts which are characterized by deceit, concealment, or violation of trust and which are not dependent upon the application or threat of physical force or violence.
Individuals and organizations commit these acts to obtain money, property, or services; to avoid the payment or loss of money or services; or to secure personal or business advantage. Generally the white collar criminals commit range of frauds to get personal financial gain. White collar crimes do not show any vicious activity, but the extent of these crimes are intense and it can bring about great economic loss for companies, investors. Computer fraud is characterized as the crime committed to perform a plan or illegal activity and the targeting of a computer with the intention to modify, damage, or put out of action the data of computer system. There are many examples of crimes which include offering missing goods to a buyer, stealing someone's funds by hacking into his bank or credit card account. Hackers find passwords and delete information, create programs to steal passwords, or even rummage through company garbage to find secret information. Embezzlement is another type of white collar crime, termed as the misuse of items with which a person has been assigned. Charges of embezzlement can even be levied if the embezzler intended to return the property later. Employee theft is most common example of embezzlement. Company employees can have access to company property so they can easily misuse the property. Numerous examples can be quoted such as theft of retail items, discounted sale of retail items, and theft from cash registers.
Health care frauds are a stereotypical white collar crime in which highly qualified medical practitioners and health supervisory abuse their posts and professional skills through misleading nonviolent tactics such as fake bills just for individual financial gain. Environmental crimes are the infringement of laws which are made to protect the environment and human health. Littering, Improper waste disposal, Oil spills, Destruction of wetlands are some of the Environmental crimes. Perpetrator of Environmental law violation is fined, put on experimentation, sent to jail. Financial crimes are major white collar crimes. These are any non-violent felony that is committed by or against an individual or corporation and lead to great fiscal loss. These frauds include tax evasion, cheating of company funds, and the sale of fictitious insurance plans.
Another category of serious white collar crime is government fraud, which is an unlawful act that deliberately rid the government of funds through trickery. When the government gets fiddled, taxpayers pay the price. Procurement and contractor fraud are examples of costliest government fraud. In Identity theft the criminal use the personal information of another in order to commit fraud. Crooks of this type of crime have to face heavy penalties if trapped. Insurance fraud is very common in which offender forged claims to an insurance company, personal injury and property damage claims that are overstated in order to collect extra reimbursements. Mail fraud is committed by using Postal Service or any private or commercial interstate mail carrier, such as Mailboxes, etc. Money laundering is a felony in which lawbreakers hide the resource and objective of illegitimately acquired funds. Public corruption is an act of violating the public official's duty of faith towards his or her society. Anyone who is elected, appointed, hired, or employee of a constituency of citizens commits crime on the state, or local level when an official takes favorable decision in exchange of offered some value. Securities fraud is committed by white collar criminal such as corporations, broker-dealers, analysts, and private investors when the executor intentionally deceives investors for financial profits. The culprit of tax evasion deliberately and illegally avoids paying mandatory taxes to the government. Telemarketing fraud fall under white collar criminal in which wrongdoer make some plan that uses telephone contact to fraudulently rid its victims of funds or assets. The most regular type of telemarketing frauds are prize offers and sweepstakes, magazine sales, credit card sales.
In today's hi-tech world, white collar crimes are creating a serious trouble for government. People who commit white-collar crimes are sometimes the same kind of people who are in a position to see to it that their crimes are not defined too detrimental. While the impact of white-collar criminals leave an immense impact on the nation but the cost to each individual is petite. Practically it is observed that no effort from police department goes into skirmishing white-collar crime.
Our social system is corrupted by number of white collar crime and it is a great challenge for us to discover suitable resolution to the increasing menace of white-collar crime. These crimes are directly affecting the economy of the nation and the public's confidence, therefore corrective action must be taken immediately for preventing, detecting, investigating, and prosecuting economic crimes in order to minimize their outcome. Main blockade to get to the bottom of the white-collar crime hazard is that the public is not aware of its seriousness. It is more important to create wakefulness and businesses, and the nation's lawmakers must be convinced with its significance in identifying that such high-tech and economic crimes have an undesirable effect on society. Mostly people are innocent and they are not aware of the degree to which their lives, financial status, businesses, families, or privacy might be pretentious by electronic crime. A rock-hard inspection or accounting background is obliging to detect white-collar crime because swindlers are very clever and they can manipulate the situation very well.
Haider Ajaz
The New Child Labour Law
The New Child Labour Law
"The child is father of the man"- William Wordsworth
Child is a bundle of joys a flower incarnate in person. A flickering smile of the child pleases everyone. The brightness and future welfare of the society is closely interwoven with the brightness of the child and its careful upbringing. Childhood is the most important period of life, as it shapes adulthood. The very initiation of life-making starts at childhood. The early lesson of the child starts from the cradle. Parents adopt different methods to rear up the child in different ages, to make it a happy man or woman later. The mother being closer, has a greater responsibility to train up the child well from the very infancy.
If one desires to know a nation, he should look for it into its children. Child is not only the future of the nation and its aspirations but also, and mainly, its strength in reserve. The future of nation is best insured if its children are healthy and active, educated and informed, disciplined and trained, as well as free from social prejudices, having a scientific outlook. It is, therefore a duty cast on the society at large to protest this crop of nation from the damaging effects of excessive exposure to vagaries of climate, as well as, from social oppression and injustice.
Talking all the aspects as a whole, the childhood is the most significant period of one's life. It is considered, and rightly so, to be the very foundation of life on which depends the entire structure the whole personality as such child the father of man – is the natural future leader of the nation in every walk of life, may it be industry, education, politics, social services, administration defence, civil services or anything else. It is during this formative period of moulding that the life begins to acquire shape and substance, and the attitudes, behaviours, manners and emotions do get developed.
Concept of Child Labour
The term 'Child Labour' is, at times, used as a synonym for 'employed child' or 'working child'. In this sense it is co-extensive with any work done by a child for profit or reward. But more commonly than not, the term 'child labour' is used in a derogatory sense. It suggests something which is hateful and exploitative.
Thus, child labour is recognized by the sociologists, development workers, educationists and medical professionals as hazardous and injurious to the child, both physically and mentally.
According to Shri. V.V.Giri, former president of India, has thus distinguished the two concepts of the 'child labour's: the term 'child labour' is commonly interpreted in two different ways: first, as an economic practice and secondly, as a social evil. In the first context it signifies employed of the children in gainful occupations with a view to adding to the labour income of the family. It is in the second context that the term child labour is now more generally used. In assessing the nature and extent of the social evil, it is necessary to take into account the character of the jobs on which the children are engaged, the dangers to which they are exposed and the opportunities of development which they have been denied."
The term 'child labour' applies to children engaged in all types of activities whether these be industrial or non-industrial but which are determined to their physical, mental, moral and social well being and development. The brain of a child develops anatomically till the age of ten, the lungs till the age of fourteen and the muscles till the age of seventeen. Anything which obstructs the natural growth of any or all of these vital organs should be considered as determinate to natural physical growth, or even hazardous.
Some Historical Aspect on Child Labour in India
In ancient India it was the duty of the king to educate every girl and boy and parents could be punished for not sending their children to school called ashrams, which were really residential schools under a guru (a learned sage). Child labour existed only in the form of child slaves children, sometimes even less than 8 years of age, were purchased, to do so-called low and dishonorable work. Kautilya (4th century B.C) considered it degrading to make children work on such jobs and hence prohibited the purchase and sale of slave children below 8 years.
Children, however, helped their parents in household activities and family crafts. They learnt the skills by observing and participating in such activities. A predominantly rural society is inevitably characterized by small and marginal economic units. India, through its medieval period, was no exception. Increasing pressure on land led to fragmentation of holdings. Growing families had to look beyond personal cultivation for subsistence. A class of landless labourers came into existence, often bonded to the large landowners. These labourers used their children to help in their economic activities. The rural artism rarely worked alone. Infact the entire family was a work unit with the 'pater familia' being the master craftsman. Occupations were determined largely on the basis of heredity, and children were introduced to their traditional craft at a young age.
Nature of Child Work
From time immemorial it has been the practice that children were to engage themselves in some sort of work or the other, both in home and in the field. In olden days, children of tender age performed even toilsome work alongwith adult agricultural and other workers. In the medieval period, children used to be engaged as trainees under the guidance of their parents to learn traditional crafts of the family.
In agriculture, children are employed not on agricultural operations but in non-agricultural operations also. They are employed in such diverse agricultural operations as ploughing, sowing, transplanting, weeding, harvesting threshing and guarding the crops, etc.
In plantations, child labour is a part of family labour. They assist their parents in plucking of leaves and coffee berries, or collecting of latex, or they do some secondary jobs, such as, weeding, spreading of fertilizers, the care of nurseries, digging of drains, etc. they are also employed to pick out stalks and coarse leaves of tea spread over the green leaves in the shadow.
There is also an increasing concern about the accident and disease incident among child agricultural workers, controls on hazardous insecticides and pesticides are deficient and neither the children nor their parents receive any instruction as how to use them safely. The same is true of mechanical operations.
Children in cities perform much larger varieties of activities than those in villages because of the extensively diversified structure of urban economics. Often, children are employed for packing, labeling, etc., in the factories. Other industries in which children are engaged are match factories, bidi manufacturing, mica cutting, wood and cork, furniture and fixture, printing, publishing and allied trades, leather products, rubber and rubber products, machinery, transport equipment, lock factories, gem cutting and polishing, potteries, glass bangle industries, brass work, carpet industries and personal services like laundaries, deying and cleaning.
Millions of small boys and girls are engaged in the unorganized sector, comprising hotels, restaurants, canteens, wayside 'dhabas', shops, repair workshop, and establishments of various types. They also work as hawkers, coolies, shoe-shine boys and venders. In big cities, children can be seen cleaning and washing automobiles just for a trip. The bigger the city, the higher is the persistent demand for teenagers to work as domestic servants and it is there that they are often subjected to worst types of exploitation without any means of protections-legal or social on the kitchen floor and are, as a rule, not permitted to attend school. Sexual abuse is also reported to be frequent.
In a good number of occupations child worker is invariably exposed to risks of various nature because of his tender age. For instance, he is likely to suffer burn injuries while working round about big ovens, or while carrying hot beverages; the newspaper hawkers and shoe-shine boys are exposed to the risk of road accident; rag-pickers may get cut injuries from glass pieces or broken tin cans; or the child working on construction sites alongwith his parents may sustain injuries while carrying brick or stone loads.
Interestingly, children are sometimes also employed as performing artists. They are given roles in films, and in circus they perform acrobatic feats, Magicians and jugglers use them as 'Jamura' (the helping boy) and they are also used by them for arousing public sympathy at wayside shows for alms.
Some writers and social workers are of the view that begging is a major field of operations where children are put to work. Mrs. Sengupta has observed.:
"Our seething millions where child employment is rife and has become a various form of exploitation ….. begging is becoming a real profession and there are scaring rumours that gangsters and syndicates of inhuman beings trade in human babies and children. Certainly the mother clad in a rag and clutching a baby in her arms is a sight that is shameful. Children are drugged or even, one hears, tortured. To see pavement dwellers in all their horrors living in filth, children picking up rejected and popping food mixed with filth into their mouths makes one feel desperate: but no one seem to do prevent from flaunting drugged babies or little tots on the road and to use them for employment purposes."
Curiously, some well to do urban families, having connections in the country-side, take in some child of a poor relative, ostensibly, for supporting the child out of sympathy for the for the poor relatives, but he or she eds up as a domestic servant with no opportunity for education.
It has been also discovered that a sizable number of children ranging between 5 to 12 years of age had actually been kidnapped from different places to weave carpets and were forced to work for as long as 22 hours a day. These children treated like virtual slaves, were found to bear scar marks of torture. They were, reportedly, severely beaten even with iron rods, if they were deficient in work or committed errors in weaving.
The most nefarious rather barbarian form of child exploitation is the practice of bonded labour. The child is handed over by the loaner as security or collateral security against small sums of loan obtained at an exorbitant rate of interest. The bonded child usually gets only a handful of coarse grain for his subsistence. He has to toil very hard and exists at the mercy of his lord for the whole of life without the least hope of redemption. The mortgagee is usually some big landlord, money –lender or the village businessman and the mortgager is the poor landless labourer. Through this practice is prevalent in many parts of rural India, it is predominant in Vellore district of Tamil Nadu but with a distinguishing feature that there the bonded child is allowed to stay with his parents on the condition that he must present him self at work daily at 8 a.m. The practice of bounded labour is still prevalent dispite stringent laws against it which provide for imprisonment of, and imprisonment of, and imposition of fine on, the guilty.
Causes Of Child Labour
Child labour is a socio-economic phenomenon. It is generally concerned that illiteracy, ignorance, low wages, unemployment, poor standard of living, stark poverty, deep social prejudices and appalling backwardness of the country-side are all, severally and collectively, the root causes of child labour. Mr Madan, Deputy Director, Ministry of Labour, is of the view that "the children are required to seek employment either to augment the income of their families or to have a gainful occupation in the absence of availability of school going facilities at various places."
It has been officially stated that, "child labour is no longer a medium of economic exploitation but is necessitated by economic necessity of the parents and in many cases that of the child himself." Prof. Gangrade believes that child labour is a product of such factors as customs, traditional attitude, lack of school or reluctance of parents to send their children to school, urbanization, industrialization, migration and so on.
Age Limit
The Indian constitution in its article 24 lays down that, "No child below the age of 14 years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment." The abuse of the tender age can be stopped by bringing these vast unorganized sectors under legislative control. We see that children employed in different occupations and different states are subject to different set of regulations and treatment. But our primary interest is to save the tender aged children from health risks, hazardous and other forms of exploitation. The complex socio-economic conditions in different social milieu may not advocate the uniform age limit. But this should not rule out the possibility of acceptance of age uniformity, though child labour (Prohibitions and Regulation) Act has brought about much needed uniformity in certain cases. Not only in our country, but also in almost all other countries of the world the non-uniformity of age regulation is still in existence. The most widely covered and most strictly regulated sector is industry. Fifty-four of the member countries for which such information is available, have fixed the minimum age for industrial employment at 14. A higher age – 15 or 16 is the general rule in another forty-five and a lower one -12 or 13 – in just over a dozen. In case of non-industrial employment national laws and regulations are naturally extremely diverse. The majority of countries have, in principle, a uniform minimum age of 14, 15 or 16 years for all employment (disregarding agriculture for the moment).
But in our country where dire poverty is manifest in every walk of life what will be the minimum age for child labour? The International Labour Organization in its Convention No. 138 (1973), in Article 3 had clearly stated, "The minimum age for admission to any type of employment or work which by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out is likely to jeopardise the health, safety or morals of young persons shall not be less than 18 years." If India ratifies this convention, millions of children will be thrown out of employment. In the present socio-economic condition in the country it is difficult to prescribe the minimum age. It will make the problem of unemployment and poverty more acute. But for the sake of uplifting the future standards of employment as well as to protect the children from such abuse of their tender age, at least we can appeal to our government to provide free and compulsory education to every child up to the age of 14 years. The law –makers must keep in mind the recommendation of the Convention No. 138. age limits should be gradually raised to a level consistent with the fullest physical and mental growth and development of child workers as recommended by the International Labour Organization to save the children from the clutches of social injustice and deprivation and to ensure for them a happy normal growth in the national interest of every country.
Hours of Work
The health and efficiency of the workers depend mostly on the hours of work. Long hours of work are harmful not only for moral and physical development, but also retard efficiency. Considering our climate and geophysical conditions the hours of work should be lowered. The long working days minimize the working life. So it is less productive in the long run. Shorter working days are also less productive, but it provides more employment. The socio-economic conditions of India demands shorter working hours. The tender age of the working children should be protected from the onslaught of rigorous working hours. The environment of the working places, such as, hotels, restaurants, tea-stalls, and sweet-shops is most uncongenial to the development of the child. But the working children devote 16 to 20 hours daily to serve the clients.
According to the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, no child shall be permitted to work more than a period of 6 hours inclusive one hours rest in one day. Moreover short working hours, with rest intervals would enable the child workers to perform their duties efficiently and happily. The most surprising thing is that the employer hardly takes any care to make a difference between the child and the adult worker. Naturally working children become the victim of exploitation. Working hour should be restricted in such a way that they may be permitted to part time education. The most striking thing is that no special provision have been made regarding the condition of work, conservancy services whole- some drinking water, medical facilities, accident benefits, rest, etc., for the child workers. They should enjoy the same facilities like the adult workers.
Implementation of Schemes
Our constitution provides, as a fundamental right, that no child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed in any factory, or mine, or be engaged in any other hazardous occupation. Once Dr. Rajendra Prasad had remarked, "We might search our hearts and ask ourselves whether we have done everything possible to implement this directive."
According to the report of the National Commission on Labour, the employment of children in factories, mines, plantations or in other organized sectors has been decreasing. However, this report adds that it continues to persist in varying degrees in the unorganized sector, such as, small plantations, restaurants, hotels, cotton ginning and weaving, carpet weaving, stone breaking, brick kiln, handicrafts and road building, etc. Employment of children, who are below the prescribed age, was also reported to be continuing at far off places and in rural areas where enforcement of statutory provisions was all the more difficult.
The real enforcement lies in the implementation. The positive side of implementation is that law should have and validity. The greedy employers do not care the existing laws. Like all other countries several industrial activities such as manufacturing, mines, construction and various kind of transport are dealt with by separate laws and regulations. On the other hand the immature children are in the dark about legal protection. Like all laws should be properly administered. The essential feature of the administration of labour law is inspection. A peculiar feature is that the employer always tries to draw a screen before the inspector. Inspector hardly gets any opportunity to identify the child for verify his age and the other working conditions. Children do not come openly to the inspector to report about their grievances.
International Labour Organization and Child Labour
The basic aim of the ILO to abolish Child Labour altogether is yet a distant goal in view of the present economic setup of the World. It has taken measures to protect the working children and to ameliorate their working and living conditions and to impart job-based education. The United Nations declaration of the rights of the child says:
"The child shall enjoy special protection and shall be given opportunities and facilities, by law and by other means, to enable him to develop physically, mentally, spiritually and socially in a healthy and normal manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity. In the enactment of laws for this purpose the best interests of the child shall be the paramount consideration."
It further states that: "the child shall be protected against all forms of neglect, cruelty and exploitation. He shall not be the subject of traffic, in any form. The child shall not be admitted to employment before an appropriate minimum age; he shall in no case be caused or permitted to be engaged in any occupations or employment which would prejudice his health or education, or interfere with his physical, mental or moral development."
Best blessings on those
Little, innocent lives
Bloomed on earth,
Who have brought the message
Of joy from heavenly garden
- Rabindra Nath Tagore
Haider Ajaz
+919235786438
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